16 Jan 18 | Campaigns, Campaigns -- Featured, Statements
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Around seven free expression and anti-corruption groups, and other supporters gathered in London today to remember investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia three months after her tragic murder in Malta, and to reiterate calls for justice in her case.
Caruana Galizia was killed on 16 October 2017 when a bomb placed under her car exploded as she drove away from her home in Bidnija, Malta. A specialist in investigating corruption, her work included exposés of the shady secret deals, uncovered in the Panama Papers, that show how politicians and others hide illicit wealth behind secret companies. Her allegations about governmental corruption led to early elections in the country in June 2017.
“We gathered to honour a remarkable woman and courageous investigative journalist. We gathered to show the Maltese authorities and the international community that we will not forget Daphne Caruana Galizia, and we will not rest until all those who planned and carried out her attack are brought to justice. We gathered in support of the very principle of press freedom, as an attack against a journalist anywhere is an attack on journalism itself,” said Rebecca Vincent, UK Bureau Director for Reporters Without Borders.
“The corruption Daphne Caruana Galizia exposed affects people across Europe, and as Europeans, we must show solidarity with her family and stand up for the truth. Justice requires not just punishing those guilty of her murder, but also ensuring that her investigations are widely read, both in Malta and across Europe. European leaders must come together to ensure there is no impunity in this case. If not, they send a chilling message that those standing against corruption may be silenced,” said Katie Morris, Head of Europe and Central Asia for Article 19.
“Until all the perpetrators, including possible masterminds, behind the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia are fully prosecuted, journalists in Malta will work in fear. The UK government must do all it can to ensure this case receives the attention it requires and that, like so many other cases of journalists murdered around the world, justice is not denied,” said Elisabeth Witchel, Impunity Campaign Consultant for the Committee to Protect Journalists.
“Today we come together to pay tribute to Daphne Caruana Galizia and to stand in solidarity with her family. Daphne’s murder was an attempt to silence her but we will not allow that to happen. We will continue to share her words and her work, and to call for a full and impartial investigation into her death,” said Antonia Byatt, Interim Director, English Pen.
“Daphne Caruana Galizia’s heinous murder has cemented a new climate of fear and uncertainty for journalists, threatening the future of free speech in Malta. On the three-month anniversary of Caruana Galizia’s death, we remember her brave and vital work which continues to hold the Maltese authorities accountable. We hope the arrests of her alleged attackers are the run-up to an independent and fair trial to ensure this will not be a grave case of impunity,” said Hannah Machlin, Mapping Media Freedom Project Manager for Index on Censorship.
“Daphne Caruana Galizia’s reporting courageously exposed organised crime and political corruption in Malta. It is vital not only that her terrible murder be fully investigated and those responsible be brought to justice, but also that her legacy in Malta continues, and that corruption and impunity there be rooted out. By gathering to remember her today, we reiterate that those who expose corruption should be protected, not intimidated”, said Patricia Moreira, Managing Director, Transparency International.
Co-sponsors of the London vigil included ARTICLE 19, the Committee to Protect Journalists, English Pen, Index on Censorship, Pen International, Reporters Without Borders, and Transparency International. Participants read a statement from Caruana Galizia’s family and wrote messages on bay leaves in solidarity with her supporters in Malta.
Malta is ranked 47th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders’ 2017 World Press Freedom Index, and 47th out of 176 countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index 2016.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_basic_grid post_type=”post” max_items=”4″ element_width=”6″ grid_id=”vc_gid:1516117019985-986a456a-54fe-4″ taxonomies=”18782″][/vc_column][/vc_row]
20 Dec 17 | Mapping Media Freedom, Media Freedom, media freedom featured, News and features
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This year saw 1,035 media freedom violations reported to Index on Censorship’s Mapping Media Freedom, a project that monitors media freedom in 42 countries, including all EU member states. To highlight the most pressing concerns for press freedom in Europe, Index’s MMF correspondents discuss the violations that stood out most.
Russia / 197 verified reports in 2017
“In November Russia adopted a new restrictive law against foreign media. It allows recognising foreign media as foreign agents, which makes them subjects of numerous additional checks and obliges them to mark the content as produced by a foreign agent. The vague and ambiguous wording means it applies to many outlets – from established media to email newsletters. Which media will be recognised as foreign agents will be decided by Russian Ministry of justice. However, US media such as Voice of America or Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty have already received warnings about possible restrictions on their work in Russia.” — Ekaterina Buchneva
Turkey / 132 verified reports in 2017
“Although 155 journalists are currently imprisoned in Turkey — almost all of them on trumped-up charges — the trial of journalist Nedim Türfent, who reported on security operations in Turkey’s Kurdish regions, is by far the worst violation as open experiences of torture at the hands of police officers were recounted by at least a dozen people in the case. This violation shows that torture is making a comeback in Turkey.” — Barış Altıntaş
More on Nedim Türfent’s case.
Belarus / 92 verified reports in 2017
“The mass detention of journalists on Freedom Day in March was indicative of the Belarusian authorities’ campaign launched in 2017 on preventing journalists from performing their professional duties. The situation was provoked by mass protests across Belarus against introducing presidential decree on “social parasites”, which imposes a tax on the unemployed amid increasing economic crisis. The authorities have shown their real attitude to freedom of speech through real hunting on independent journalists and bloggers that are blocked from access to information, detained, jailed, and fined.” — Volha Siakovich
Spain / 66 verified reports in 2017
“The referendum on the independence of Catalonia, north-east of Spain, provoked an avalanche of incidents against reporters. On 1 October 2017, on the day of referendum considered illegal by the Spanish Constitutional Court, various journalists were assaulted during police intervention in polling stations. Spanish public television RTVE was biased in favour of Spanish unity while Catalan public television TV3 was biased in favour of the independence. In the aftermath of the referendum, many reporters on the ground suffered insults and assaults usually during street rallies. Unionist protesters used to insult and assault Catalan media. Catalunya Radio glass door was smashed and TV3 car window broken. Catalan protesters chanted “Spanish press manipulators” during Spanish televisions live coverage and Crònica Global website headquarters vandalised with spray paints and posters. The Catalan political question brought a wave of intimidation against journalists, never seen in such numbers and scale in recent years.” — Miho Dobrasin
Italy / 57 verified reports in 2017
“In 2017 Italian journalists experienced a high level of conflict with the judiciary. Journalists are constantly possible targets of law enforcement raids, also in breaching the privacy of journalists’ sources. In July, Il Fatto Quotidiano journalist Marco Lillo’s house was searched because he published a scoop concerning the investigation on people close to Matteo Renzi, prime minister at time time, for a case of corruption at the most important contracting authority in Italy: Consip. Last but not least, Il Sole 24 Ore journalist Nicola Borzi had seized his computer and archives by the law enforcement because he revealed a “secret of State”, without any formal charge against the journalist. These events show how hard is making scoops in Italy. Moreover, journalists are constantly targeted with lawsuits, frequently used as threats against freelancers. Nowadays the big unsolved issue for Italian journalism is at court.” — Lorenzo Bagnoli
France / 54 verified reports in 2017
“In February, presidential candidate Fillon smeared media outlets who covered alleged corruption case. This was an important moment in the treatment of the media in France. When accused of corruption, conservative presidential candidate François Fillon refused to step down and chose to attack the media and journalists. Journalists covering his campaign saw their working conditions deteriorate and had supporters insulting and attacking them.” — Valeria Costa-Kostritsky
Azerbaijan / 47 reports in 2017
“While there on-going violations of press freedom in Azerbaijan such as the jailing of journalists, office raids, bogus charges and other forms of persecution of journalists, I chose the blocking of opposition and independent news websites in March because it is a sign of further deterioration of media freedom in Azerbaijan. If before there were deliberate slowdowns or DDoS attacks, changes in legislation give full authority to the government institutions wanting to shut down or limit access to the flow of independent and alternative news.” — Arzu Geybullayeva
Croatia / 33 verified reports in 2017
“In September, around 20 members of the Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights (A-HSP), a far-right political party, which is led by Drazen Keleminec, burned a copy of weekly newspaper Novosti, regional broadcaster N1 reported. This is another example where nationalistic and conservative narratives are endangering media freedom. In this particular case a right-wing political party is targeting the others, in this case the others is an ethnically and linguistically minority weekly, describing them as enemies of the state. The widespread narrative that has resulted in several severe media freedom infringements in this EU country.” — Ilcho Cvetanoski
Macedonia / 27 verified reports in 2017
“During the April’s storming of the Assembly building in the capital Skopje, 23 media workers were physically assaulted, threatened or barred from reporting at the scene. This case perfectly exemplifies what happens when political elites intentionally demonize and dehumanize media workers that are critically observing theirs work by describing them as traitors and foreign mercenaries. In the eyes of the common people, they instantly became a legitimate target. This is a widespread trend in Southeast Europe.” — Ilcho Cvetanoski
Bosnia and Herzegovina / 21 verified reports in 2017
“The case of Dragan Bursac is one of the many cases in Southeast Europe where journalists/media workers are threatened/attacked for challenging the mainstream nationalistic narrative. Namely, he was critical on the fact that a military leader, accused of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), is celebrated as a hero by the politicians and media.” — Ilcho Cvetanoski
Germany / 20 verified reports in 2017
“It is extremely concerning that journalists were assaulted and intimidated when reporting on protests in Hamburg. Journalists are there to do their job and it is important that they are able to tell the world what is happening at protests such as the ones in Hamburg.” – Joy Hyvarinen
Hungary / 20 verified reports in 2017
“There is an important change of tactics regarding censorship and defaming independent media in Hungary: instead of attacking the outlets critical to the government, the vast pro-government media started smearing individual journalists, trying to intimidate and discredit the few critical voices who are left in Hungary.” — Zoltan Sipos
Romania / 16 verified reports in 2017
“The national news agency AGERPRES might lose its independence after a draft law enabling the political majority to dismiss the director-general was passed by the chamber of deputies in Romania. If passed in the senate as well, such a provision would have the same impact as on the management of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Corporation (SRR) and the Romanian National Television Corporation (SRTV): following each election, the SRR and SRTV administration boards can be dismissed before the end of their mandates to reflect the new political forces.” — Zoltan Sipos
United Kingdom / 17 verified reports in 2017
“In the United Kingdom, after the Grenfell tower fire, which claimed 71 deaths, Kensington and Chelsea council tried to ban journalists from attending their first council meeting. Five media organisations had to challenge this legally to gain access. This was a very important case illustrating how difficult it was to gain access and to expect accountability from the organisation which ran the council block.” — Valeria Costa-Kostritsky
Sweden / 15 verified reports in 2017
“The systematic campaign to smear and misrepresent journalists by Granskning Sverige was symptomatic of a wider attack on the legitimacy of liberal and left media by Sweden’s far-right movement, but the campaign detailed by the reporters at the Eskilstuna-kuriren newspaper was orchestrated and unlike anything seen before in the country.” — Dominic Hinde
Greece / 13 verified reports in 2017
“In February 2017, two journalists were harassed by far-right wing protesters, preventing refugee children from attending classes. This is very important, because it shows that although Greece’s economic and refugee crisis seem to have calmed down in the last year, the support for far-right wing organisations doesn’t show any sign of shrinking. This also concerns journalists in Greece, whose safety is in danger every day.” — Christina Vasilaki
The Netherlands / 12 verified reports in 2017
“The Netherlands is considered to be one of the countries where media freedom is widely protected. However, cases like the rape threats levelled at a journalist in May show that media workers are subjected to all sorts of threats. In this case it were rape threats by a popular right-wing weblog. This creates an atmosphere in which it’s conceived normal to use comments and social media to discredit and threaten a journalist. It also highlights the dangers and risks that female journalists face.” — Mitra Nazar
Bulgaria / 11 verified reports in 2017
“In November, it became known that members of an organised crime group from Vratsa planned to murder Zov News website publisher Georgi Ezekiev. The increase of violent incidents and serious threats towards journalists in 2017 is alarming in Bulgaria, a country that already has the worst press freedom status in the European Union.” — Zoltan Sipos
Serbia / 11 verified reports in 2017
“Serbia’s free media had a dark year with many incidents, threats and violence coming towards them. In May, journalists were assaulted during clashes at the presidential inauguration. This is just one of many cases, but it clearly demonstrates just how critical the state of the media is because they happened during the presidential inauguration. The assaults were committed by supporters of the government with a lot of police around. The impunity these assaulters meet is worrying for the lack of condemnation by authorities and the message they clearly want to send to critical journalists.” — Mitra Nazar
Malta / 8 verified reports in 2017
“The most worrying incident regards the murder of anti-corruption, investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. While this murder gripped the attention of international media and European authorities including the European Commission and Parliament, it is still shocking for every journalist that in a democratic, EU country, journalists’ lives could be in danger because they are doing their job, exposing high-level corruption in political, business and criminal elites.” — Christina Vasilaki
Kosovo / 6 verified reports in 2017|
“Kosovo’s media have been shaken up by two attacks on Insajderi investigative journalists. Insajderi is home to the best investigative journalists in the country, covering corruption and crime topics that nobody else dares to touch. Journalist Parim Olluri was beaten up outside his home in Pristina on 16 August. He needed medical assistance in a hospital. Nobody has been held responsible for the attack. Two months later, his colleague Vehbi Kajtazi was hit on the head in a cafe in downtown Pristina on 13 October. One person was arrested on the spot. We are talking about two violent incidents to Insajderi journalists within a period of three months. This shows that Kosovo’s journalists continue to face violence, even in very public places like cafe’s and neighbourhoods they live. For this reason there are just a few brave journalists who dare to touch sensitive topics, which is a worrying sign for the future of journalism and truth finding in the youngest country in Europe.” — Mitra Nazar
Montenegro / 6 verified reports in 2017
“Attack on journalist’s property is one of most common ways of intimidation. This is not only case for Montenegro, but also for all other countries in the region. What is striking is that intentional setting on fire of journalist’s vehicles is one of most common ways of limitation of media freedom in Montenegro. In recent years there have been several burnt vehicle in this small EU candidate country.” — Ilcho Cvetanoski
Portugal / 5 verified reports in 2017
“Similarly to what’s happening in other countries, Portugal has seen a rise of questioning towards journalism, those who work in the media industry and their work. Besides motivating a new and stimulating debate between journalists and their readers/viewers/listeners, this has also opened the gates to instances of abuse, cyberbullying and slander. The most significant example of that is that of Público’s journalist Margarida Gomes, whose work ethic was put in question by Facebook groups and public officials, who both used false information regarding her personal life to denigrate her work.” — João de Almeida Dias
Latvia / 3 verified reports in 2017
“In Latvia it was a quiet year for press freedom. However, the sudden and swift dismissal of Sigita Roķe, the head of public service Latvian Radio for alleged economic irregularities was seen as a pretext for dismissing her for efforts to disengage the radio from sponsorship agreements with the city of Ventspils, whose politically influential mayor has is on trial for money laundering and corruption. The dismissal raised questions about the political neutrality of Latvia’s media watchdog, the National Electronic Mass Media Council.” — Juris Kaza
Ireland / 3 verified reports in 2017
“Compared to the long list of countries in Europe where it is getting progressively dangerous for reporters to do their work, the situation in Ireland is relatively benign. There are renewed concerns over source protection, and the strict libel regime. However, the most serious concern is regarding media ownership. Index on Censorship published a detailed report on this in August 2017. One significant media takeover – Independent News and Media buying up Celtic Media – fell through after the Government ordered a statutory investigation following objections.” — Flor Mac Carthy
Estonia / 3 verified reports in 2017
“In March, journalists for Estonia’s largest daily in circulation Postimees, sent a letter to the owners and managers to complain about interference with editorial freedom. This event is a disturbing example of the interference attempts from media owners and advertisement department that had grown to the level that journalists of a daily, that prides itself with a long history and high-quality content, had to resort to an unprecedented united protest letter to fight it. Interference in journalistic decision making and content from outside or inside sources is in general the worrisome threat.” — Helle Tiikmaa
Belgium / 2 verified reports in 2017
“In Belgium, a journalist who had published a story on surveillance in Bruxelles’ metro was interrogated on her sources by the police, in clear breach of the principle of sources confidentiality. The case also reminds us of the risk for journalists covering surveillance.” — Valeria Costa-Kostritsky
Denmark / 2 verified reports in 2017
“The killing of Kim Wall by the inventor and entrepreneur Peter Madsen was a headline news event around the world. Stabbed to death and dumped at sea whilst interviewing Madsen on board his home-built submarine, her body was recovered after an extensive marine search. Although not typical of any wider trend, her murder was so brutal it raised significant questions about the safety and ethics of female freelancers working alone without support or safeguards.” — Dominic Hinde
Finland / 2 verified reports in 2017
“In March the Finnish government introduced restrictive changes to the functioning of the public broadcasting company Yle, which entailed putting the state-owned company more firmly under politicians’ decision-making power. The proposal was driven by the True Finns, a nationalist party that have repeatedly complained about Yle’s liberal views and non-sceptical approach to ‘multicultural Finland’. In the official briefing, stated the following: “The proposal is to strengthen the role of the Administrative Council so that they can decide on Yle’s journalistic strategy and regulate the permanent expert consultation process”. The council referred is mainly composed of politicians. — Katariina Salomäki
Iceland / 1 verified report in 2017
“Iceland has been rocked by political scandals and collapsing governments twice in the space of a year. In October it came to light that the prime minister had used financial confidentiality legislation to stop the investigative newspaper Stundin from publishing details of his offshore financial dealings in the run-up to the 2008 financial crash. Iceand’s main newspaper Morgunbladid is controlled by another former Prime Minister, also a member of the powerful Icelandic independence party, and Stundin has consistently sought to expose the Icelandic financial and political elite where other titles have remained silent.” — Dominic Hinde[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Mapping Media Freedom” use_theme_fonts=”yes” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Fmappingmediafreedom.org%2F%23%2F|||”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_icon icon_fontawesome=”fa fa-times-circle” color=”black” background_style=”rounded” size=”xl” align=”right”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″][vc_column_text]
Since 24 May 2014, Mapping Media Freedom’s team of correspondents and partners have recorded and verified more than 3,700 violations against journalists and media outlets.
Index campaigns to protect journalists and media freedom. You can help us by submitting reports to Mapping Media Freedom.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_separator color=”black”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Don’t lose your voice. Stay informed.” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_separator color=”black”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]Index on Censorship is a nonprofit that campaigns for and defends free expression worldwide. We publish work by censored writers and artists, promote debate, and monitor threats to free speech. We believe that everyone should be free to express themselves without fear of harm or persecution – no matter what their views.
Join our mailing list (or follow us on Twitter or Facebook) and we’ll send you our weekly newsletter about our activities defending free speech. We won’t share your personal information with anyone outside Index.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][gravityform id=”20″ title=”false” description=”false” ajax=”false”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_separator color=”black”][/vc_column][/vc_row]
19 Dec 17 | Journalism Toolbox Spanish
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Periodistas ucranianos toman asiento en una conferencia de prensa de la embajada de EE.UU, US Embassy Kiev Ukraine/Flickr
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Rauand arriesga la vida por desconocidos habitualmente. Este estudiante de informática de 25 años trabaja de guía: un tipo de periodista local que colabora con corresponsales extranjeros en Erbil, Irak. La ciudad está a solo una hora en coche de Mosul, ciudad bajo ocupación del Estado Islámico. En junio, el EI amenazó con matar a los periodistas «que hacen la guerra contra el Islam».
«Imagina que el EI llega a Erbil. Pues los guías serían los primeros a por los que irían», asegura Rauand, que ha trabajado para Vice News y la revista Time. «Al terminar los reportajes, el guía se queda en el país, mientras que el corresponsal, con su pasaporte extranjero, se puede marchar», añade.
Los guías llevan la logística para corresponsales extranjeros guiándolos y traduciendo para ellos, pero también investigan para artículos, adquieren contactos, organizan entrevistas y viajan al frente. La mayoría trabajan de forma independiente y son extremadamente vulnerables a amenazas y represalias, especialmente una vez se marchan sus colegas extranjeros. Según la organización Rory Peck Trust, que se dedica a apoyar a periodistas freelance alrededor del mundo, la cifra de reporteros independientes amenazados por colaborar con medios internacionales va en aumento.
«La mayoría de las peticiones de ayuda que recibimos nos llegan de reporteros locales que han sufrido amenazas, detenciones, prisión, asaltos e incluso el exilio por su trabajo», explica Molly Clarke, jefe de comunicaciones de Rory Peck. «Habitualmente ayudamos a gente a la que han atacado específicamente por su trabajo de colaboración con medios internacionales. En estos casos, las consecuencias pueden ser devastadoras y duraderas, y no solo para ellos: para sus familias también», denuncia Clarke.
Un informe del Comité para la Protección de los Periodistas —CPJ, por sus siglas en inglés— muestra que son 94 los «trabajadores de medios de comunicación» asesinados desde 2003: esta es la fecha en la que el CPJ comenzó a poner a los guías en una categoría aparte, como reconocimiento a la importancia creciente de estos en la transmisión de reportajes desde el extranjero. En junio de este año añadieron a Zabihulah Tamana, un periodista independiente afgano que trabajaba como traductor para la radio pública nacional de EE.UU., a la lista de asesinados cuando bombardearon el convoy en el que viajaba en Afganistán.
Muchos guías empiezan como aficionados sin experiencia, desesperados por conseguir trabajo remunerado en economías perjudicadas por los conflictos. Apenas reciben formación o apoyo continuado por parte de las organizaciones internacionales para las que trabajan, y a menudo deben encargarse de su propia protección. Rauand ha aprendido a no destacar en Erbil. Rara vez opta por firmar con su nombre los reportajes y artículos en los que contribuye. «Si mi nombre sale asociado a los artículos, ya no soy anónimo. Podrían sospechar de mí y tratarme como si fuera un espía», dijo.
Ser acusado de espionaje es un riesgo laboral para muchos de los guías que trabajan con periodistas extranjeros. Para aquellos trabajando en primera línea en la guerra entre Ucrania y los separatistas prorrusos, se trata de una amenaza diaria. En 2014, Anton Skiba, un productor local radicado en Donetsk, fue secuestrado por los separatistas y acusado de ser un espía ucraniano. Había pasado el día trabajando para la CNN en el lugar donde se estrelló el vuelo MH17 de Malaysian Airlines, en el este Ucrania, controlado por los separatistas. Skiba, que también ha trabajado para la BBC, fue finalmente liberado tras una campaña que organizaron sus compañeros del gremio. «Es muy importante mantener un equilibrio mientras tengas acceso a ambos lados del conflicto. De otro modo, lo más seguro es que uno de ellos acabe oprimiéndote», afirma.
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Skiba trata de protegerse eligiendo con cuidado a la gente con la que trabaja y las noticias que cubre. «Este es mi país y yo tengo que seguir viviendo aquí cuando los periodistas pasen al siguiente conflicto. No quiero arriesgar mi vida por una historia que al día siguiente ya no va a recordar nadie. Por eso intento evitar a periodistas poco profesionales y a los que usan a guías para que les consigan noticias ‘jugosas», dice.
Kateryna, otra guía de Donetsk, obtuvo acreditación de prensa tanto de las autoridades ucranianas como de la facción separatista enemiga, la República Popular de Donetsk, para evitar acusaciones de favorecer uno de los lados de la guerra más que al otro.
Pero esto no ha puesto fin a las amenazas y ni al acoso que sufre. Aunque nunca le dice a nadie que trabaja con periodistas internacionales, una página web ucraniana, Myrotvorets, reveló recientemente los nombres, direcciones de correo electrónico y números de teléfono de alrededor de 5000 periodistas extranjeros y autóctonos que han trabajado en la República Popular de Donetsk y en Luhansk, áreas disidentes fuera del control del gobierno ucraniano. Kateryna, de 28 años, aparecía varias veces en la lista, publicada en mayo de 2016, debido a su trabajo con la BBC, Al Jazeera y otros medios.
Los servicios de seguridad ucranianos han retenido e interrogado a Kateryna muchas veces por su trabajo. «A los dos años de trabajar con los medios extranjeros, pasas a primer plano en los intereses de los servicios de seguridad», asegura. «Y es mejor no subestimar su poder. Son lo bastante astutos para jugar con tu vida».
Últimamente se siente expuesta en Donetsk y quiere encontrar un trabajo distinto. «En cuanto se marcha un equipo de televisión, ya está», añade. «Solo una vez he sentido que les importaba a los medios internacionales. El pasado mayo, un colega de la BBC me preguntó si necesitaba ayuda, ahora que habían publicado mi nombre en Myrotvorets. Rechacé cualquier tipo de apoyo; era lo mínimo que pudo haberme pasado».
Pocos guías llegan a recibir compensación si se lesionan o mueren realizando su trabajo. Tampoco reciben la protección internacional de facto que se proporciona a los corresponsales que trabajan en el exterior. Solo en Afganistán, docenas de traductores, conductores y productores locales perdieron la vida entre 2003 y 2011; algunos, muertos en enfrentamientos, otros —como Aymal Naqshbandi, periodista, y Sayed Aga, conductor— fueron ejecutados por los talibanes por haber trabajado con extranjeros
Saira, una guía de Kabul (Afganistán) que lleva nueve años en esto, solo puede trabajar si oculta no solo su identidad, sino también su propio cuerpo. Como mujer sufre amenazas y abusos constantes. Teme tanto ser castigada que no quiso darnos su nombre verdadero para este artículo. La joven de 26 años, que comenzó a trabajar con periodistas extranjeros para poder pagarse los estudios en la universidad de Kabul, dice que solo se siente a salvo con el rostro cubierto. «He viajado a algunos sitios peligrosos con periodistas extranjeros. Tuve que taparme la cara completamente con un burka para sentirme segura», explica.
«Para una mujer siempre es peligroso trabajar, incluso en Kabul. Eres blanco de comentarios hirientes y faltas de respeto. Mucha gente te culpa y llegan a llamarte infiel porque trabajas con gente no musulmana», añade Saira.
Cada vez se contrata a más guías que viven en zonas de conflicto consideradas demasiado peligrosas para los corresponsales extranjeros, y desde las cuales aquellos escriben y envían directamente las noticias a las redacciones internacionales. «Cada vez se depende más de periodistas independientes locales para conseguir noticias, artículos e imágenes en países y zonas a los que es muy difícil —o demasiado peligroso— que accedan [los reporteros internacionales]», explica Clarke. «No tenemos datos ni cifras exactas; nuestras pruebas son mayoritariamente anecdóticas y las obtenemos de lo que hemos visto y oído al realizar nuestra labor».
Almigdad Moyali era un guía que se convirtió en reportero cuando la guerra de Yemen forzó a muchos extranjeros a marcharse del país. Moyali, de 34 años, tenía buen nivel de inglés, conocía a la gente adecuada, tenía el respeto de la gente y estaba muy solicitado.
Prefería trabajar de forma anónima. «Le gustaba ser guía porque le permitía contar historias que en Yemen habría sido demasiado peligroso contar», relata Laura Battaglia, una periodista italiana que trabajaba con Moyali y entabló amistad con él. «Con su permiso omitimos su nombre en artículos difíciles, para protegerlo».
Pero cuando Moyali comenzó a cubrir noticias por su cuenta, esto lo metió en problemas con la milicia hutí, un grupo rebelde en control de Saná, la capital yemení. Prácticamente la primera de sus historias, que envió a redacciones europeas y estadounidenses firmadas con su nombre, le ganó la ira de la clase dirigente. Fue arrestado de inmediato y amenazado por agentes del gobierno. Perdió la vida en enero de este año, en un ataque aéreo en plena misión para Voice of America. Se encontraba viajando por una zona peligrosa en un coche sin marcar y sin nada que lo identificase como periodista.
La muerte de Moyali provoca preguntas acerca de la responsabilidad. Era autónomo, pero trabajaba para agencias de noticias internacionales. Mike Garrod, cofundador de World Fixer, una red digital que conecta a periodistas y trabajadores en sus países con reporteros internacionales, cree que algunos grupos de comunicación están comenzando a tomarse más en serio el papel que desempeñan en la protección de los trabajadores que contratan.
Garrod espera fundar un programa de formación en línea para periodistas y guías locales. El curso incluirá seguridad, evaluación de riesgos y estándares y ética periodística. «Los guías, en gran medida, carecen de formación y son vulnerables en entornos hostiles. A medida que se afianza la tendencia a utilizarlos para cosas que van mucho más allá de la traducción y la logística, existe una necesidad real de que entiendan ciertos conceptos y que demuestren que los entienden», expone Garrod. Para este artículo preguntamos a la BBC, la CNN y Reuters por sus guías. Todas se abstuvieron de comentar.
No obstante, el comportamiento de algunos periodistas individuales que emplean a guías en el campo es más complicado de regular, según Garrod. Nos contó la historia de un joven estudiante al que contrató un reportero extranjero para viajar al frente de la guerra de Irak cuando tenía 17 años. «La industria puede hacer muchísimo más para instar a los periodistas a que actúen de forma más responsable en lo concerniente a este asunto, pero me preocupa que no exista una voluntad de inspeccionar el modo en el que se consigue una noticia», lamenta.
Zia Ur Rehman, de 35 años, trabajó con corresponsales extranjeros en Karachi, Pakistán, entre 2011 y 2015. Cuenta que, mientras los periodistas de la ciudad entienden los peligros a los que se exponen allí, algunos reporteros extranjeros ignoran sus consejos. «Algunos cámaras y fotógrafos son groseros y maleducados, y tratan a sus guías como si fueran sus sirvientes. Como no conocen la complejidad y lo delicado de la situación, graban o sacan fotos sin consultar a su guía, cosa que ha acarreado problemas muy serios al equipo, sobre todo al guía», declara Rehman.
Ha habido casos en los que los servicios de seguridad pakistaníes han secuestrado a guías, que han sufrido palizas e incluso torturas por trabajar con periodistas extranjeros. Rehman dice que ya rara vez trabaja como guía; si lo hace, solo es para reporteros que ya conoce.
Más formación y el apoyo de las organizaciones internacionales que emplean a guías son dos elementos cruciales para su seguridad, pero es poco probable que suponga un gran cambio en áreas aún en control del Estado Islámico, decidido a silenciar a los periodistas, especialmente a los que trabajan con compañías extranjeras. En junio de este año, el CPJ denunció que el EI había ejecutado en Siria a cinco periodistas independientes. A uno lo ataron a su ordenador; a otro, a su cámara. Después los forraron de explosivos y los hicieron detonar. Habían sido acusados de trabajar con agencias extranjeras de noticias y de derechos humanos. El Estado Islámico publicó vídeos de la matanza a modo de advertencia para el resto.
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Caroline Lees ha sido corresponsal en el sur de Asia para el periódico británico The Sunday Times. Actualmente es jefa de investigación en el Instituto Reuters para el Estudio del Periodismo en la Universidad de Oxford
*Algunos nombres de este artículo han sido modificados por motivos de seguridad
Este artículo fue publicado en la revista Index on Censorship en otoño de 2017
Traducción de Arrate Hidalgo
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