12 Apr 2012 | Europe and Central Asia
This is a crosspost from the Media Legal Defence Initiative
On the eve of the Eurovision song contest, Azeri journalists have complained to the European Court of Human Rights about the president’s stranglehold over the country’s broadcasting system.
Every year millions of people around the world watch the Eurovision Song Context, one of the biggest annual international media events. But many may not know that this year it is being hosted by a country which tightly controls its own media and offers its own viewers little choice in what they can watch – Azerbaijan.
In this former Soviet republic most TV and radio outlets are controlled by President Aliyev or members of his family, while nominally independent broadcasters are owned by people close to him. Moreover, the president appoints all nine members of the broadcasting regulatory body, the National Television and Radio Council, whose responsibilities include granting broadcast licences.
One consequence is that, though freedom of speech is officially guaranteed by the constitution, there is little public debate on political, economic and other vital issues. Violence against journalists and bloggers in the country is endemic and independent journalists work in a climate of constant legal threat.
But now two prominent Azerbaijani journalists have gone to the European Court of Human Rights to challenge this effective monopoly of control. The journalists — Yashar Agazade and Rasul Jafarov — have lodged a complaint about the repeated refusal of the regulatory council to grant a licence for the independent radio station they wish to set up.
They argue that this refusal not only denies their right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights but means Azerbaijan is failing to ensure a pluralistic media landscape as the Convention requires it to.
Their application comes on the back of some fifty other complaints from Azeri journalists already pending at the Strasbourg court.
The matter has particular urgency because elections are due in 2013, and a favourable decision would force the government to make media reforms that would allow for more open debate before then. So whatever the outcome of the coming Eurovision contest, the journalists are hoping their case — which is being supported by MLDI — will result in a “nul point” verdict from the European Court judges.
Mark Stephens of Finers Stephens Innocent, part of the legal team for the applicants, said:
“Azerbaijan has de facto outlawed criticism of its leadership. If an Azeri journalist engages in the sort of tongue-in-cheek commentary that is provided for Eurovision by Graham Norton, chances are it will result in their imprisonment. So it is essential for this case to be successful if tongue-in-cheek comments are to be made either by Graham Norton, or indeed Azeri journalists on local political matters — or, indeed, Eurovision.”
www.mediadefence.org
12 Apr 2012 | Asia and Pacific
The case of a political cartoonist who was arrested and detained in 2010, and took the government to court as a result, continued last week.
Malaysian cartoonist Zulkiflee Awar Ulhaque, known as Zunar, lodged his complaint of unlawful detention against the Malaysian police and government, following his September 2010 arrest.
On 24 September 2010, police raided Zunar’s Kuala Lumpur office several hours before the scheduled release of a compilation of his cartoons, entitled “Cartoon-o-phobia”.
The cartoonist, whose work criticises public figures and organisations within Malaysia, was arrested charges of sedition and publishing offences. If found guilty under the Sedition Act, Zunar faced a maximum three-year jail sentence. During the raid on his office, 66 copies of Cartoon-o-phobia on the premises were seized by police, despite protests from Zunar’s lawyers.
Zunar believes that the arrest and detention process was an attempt to “scuttle the launch” of his cartoon collection, and was conducted in “bad faith”. The cartoonist said: “I perform my duty as a political cartoonist to be a ‘watchdog’ to the authorities and to represent the voice of the people through art. Thus, based on their continuous actions, I knew the Malaysian government was not happy with my work, and they try to do everything to stop me from producing cartoons.”
He added: “I think the arrest was politically motivated in order to prevent me from drawing cartoons that promote alternative thinking and critical voices.”
Following his arrest, police were unable to determine which cartoons were offensive, or what offence the cartoonist was in breach of. The cartoonist was moved between several police stations, but was not questioned during the first 24 hours of detention. He was released without charge on the evening of the 25 September.
Zunar has brought a civil suit against the government and the police, challenging them for his unlawful arrest and detention, and the confiscation of the books. Zunar is seeking general, aggravated and exemplary damages, along with the return of the property which was confiscated during the raid.
He said: “I know it is a big decision to challenge the Malaysian government in the court. The stakes are high. If I lose I have to pay up to RM40,000.00 (around GBP 7,000). But I vow to keep fighting as my rights of expression is guaranteed under the Malaysian Constitution. I also hope I can create more awareness to the public about the [state of] press freedom in this country, [where] drawing political cartoons has become a crime.”
In January this year, the case began at the Kuala Lumpur High Court. Four witnesses, including the arresting officer, who decided that the whole book and not selected pages were seditious, testified before the court. Government lawyers attempted to justify that the arrest, detention and confiscation of the cartoons were done in good faith, in accordance with the law.
The case resumed on 5 April. According to his Twitter feed, government lawyers told the court that Zunar was arrested under the Printing Presses Act, and that the cartoons offered an element of incitement. The lawyers added that all pages of “Cartoon-o-phobia” were inflammatory.
Zunar explained that in the sessions of the 5 and 6 April, police officers Zaihairul Idrus, Arikrishnana and Marina Hashim gave testimony to the court. He said: “in the last session on 5 and 6 April, three police officers testified and tried to justify the arrest. They constantly said: “Every page of Zunar’s book contains cartoons that depict political leaders, the police and the judiciary, and can incite hatred and misunderstandings among the public.”
Seven other books of the cartoonists’ work have also been banned under the Printing Presses and Publication Act, as the Home Ministry secretary-general Mahmood Adam described them as “not suitable and detrimental to public order.” It was also reported that Adam said the books could influence the public to overthrow the government. In July 2010, Zunar filed a suit to challenge the banning of his books, but this was rejected by the court later that month.
The court will return their decision on 23 May.
12 Apr 2012 | Middle East and North Africa
10 April 2012
(IFEX-TMG) – The International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) Tunisia Monitoring Group (IFEX-TMG), a coalition of 21 IFEX members which includes Index, is alarmed by ongoing attacks targeting journalists, artists, performers and women for the “crime” of freely expressing their opinion as well as by the Tunisian security forces’ alleged inaction during most of these instances in the past year. Furthermore, the IFEX-TMG condemns the use of force by police or other parties against journalists covering demonstrations, as well as long sentences for Facebook users on religious morality charges.
In an extremely alarming development, on 28 March, Ghazi Beji and Jabeur Mejri were sentenced to over seven years in prison for posting online manuscripts critical of Islam which included caricatures of a naked Prophet Mohammed. This comes just a fortnight after authorities announced 13 March would be marked as the national day for internet freedom.
A recent string of attacks have been carried out by individuals, some of whom have been alledgedly identified as Salafists, a conservative group of Sunni Muslims who approach Islamic theology from a literal point of view.
Amongst those targeted were artists, academics, journalists as well as media personnel and institutions. The most recent attack based on religious motivations, occurred on 22 March, when a theatre group performing on Habib Bourguiba Avenue in Tunis was attacked by Salafists. The police are said to have intervened much later and rather than protect the thespians and their equipment from the attack, moved them into the nearby Municipal Theatre.
Rather than protecting freedom of expression, the authorities have since banned demonstrations on Habib Bourguiba, the city’s main street, which was a symbolic place of resistance for the revolution. On 28 March, the Ministry of the interior banned “all demonstrations, marches and any other form of collective expression” on the Avenue.
Furthermore, police violently attacked peaceful demonstrations held in different cities on 7, 8 and 9 April to protest unemployment and social injustice. Police beat demonstrators with batons and fired teargas at them during a protest on 9 April on Avenue Habib Bourguiba by around a thousand people, defying the ban on protests on the capital’s main thoroughfare. Journalists were reportedly beaten during a demonstration in Sfax on 8 April, and then 14 journalists were beaten in Tunis on 9 April.
This follows a pattern of police abuse. In January 2012, two women journalists Sana Farhat and Maha Ouelhezi were physically assaulted by plainclothes police in Tunis as they were covering a demonstration organised by university teachers calling for academic freedom outside the Ministry of Education. Journalists were also attacked violently by police while covering a union protest in Tunis on 28 February.
Meanwhile, Director of the privately-owned Nessma TV, Nabil Karoui, is facing charges of blasphemy and disturbing public order for the screening of the animated film Persepolis in October 2011. The trial has been postponed a number of times and is now set for 19 April 2012.
The airing of Persepolis in October led to protests in Tunis because it contained a scene depicting God, which is considered forbidden by Islam. A week later, a crowd damaged Karoui’s home in Tunis with Molotov cocktails.
There has been little protection for those being attacked, including during a sit-in at Manouba University protesting the banning of niqab-wearing students from sitting for their exams that became violent. Not only did security forces fail to intervene to prevent demonstrators from becoming violent and disrupting classes, but there were no arrests made. Professor Fatma Jegham was attacked with impunity by Salafists last year at the Fine Arts University in Tunis for teaching a subject deemed “offensive to God.”
Not all recent violations of the right to free expression have been motivated by religious doctrine. On 24 March, celebrated journalist and Al-Jazeera journalist Lotffi Hajji was attacked physically and verbally as he was reporting from a meeting organised by supporters of the former Interim Prime Minister Caid Essebsi.
While all citizens reserve the right to protest against speech or an act they deem offensive, the IFEX-TMG and its local Tunisian partners have been campaigning to raise awareness that obstructing or interfering with their fellow-citizens’ rights to express their views is a violation of free expression, an intrinsic right and a basic building stone for any democracy, and one that must be enshrined in the Constitution.
While Said Ferjani, a leader in the ruling Ennahda political party, said they aim to protect the choice of wearing “the bikini or the Burqa”, more is needed to protect all citizens from the intolerant acts of individuals and groups.
“We call on the government to put its rhetoric into action by taking practical steps such as training their security forces on positively interacting with protesters, sensitising them on how to work with the media and on actively stepping in to protect the right to free expression so that citizens can enjoy this fundamental right without the fear of retribution,” said Virginie Jouan, Chair of the IFEX-TMG.
ARTICLE 19
Bahrain Center for Human Rights
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Canadian Journalists for Free Expression
Cartoonists Rights Network International
Egyptian Organization for Human Rights
Freedom House
Index on Censorship
International Federation of Journalists
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
International Press Institute
International Publishers Association
Journaliste en danger
Maharat Foundation (Skills Foundation)
Media Institute of Southern Africa
Norwegian PEN
World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC)
World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers
World Press Freedom Committee
Writers in Prison Committee, PEN International
10 avril 2012
Le TMG de l’IFEX s’inquiète des attaques répétées qui ciblent les manifestants, les médias, les acteurs et les universitaires
SOURCE: Le groupe d’observation de la Tunisie de l’IFEX
(TMG de l’IFEX) – Le Groupe d’observation de la Tunisie organisé par l’Échange international de la liberté d’expression (TMG de l’IFEX), coalition de 21 membres de l’IFEX, s’inquiète vivement des attaques répétées contre les journalistes, les artistes et les femmes qui commettent le « crime » d’exprimer librement leur opinion, ainsi que de l’inaction présumée des forces de sécurité tunisiennes pendant la plupart de ces incidents survenus au cours de la dernière année. De plus, le TMG de l’IFEX condamne le recours à la force par des policiers ou d’autres groupes contre les journalistes qui couvrent les manifestations, ainsi que les lourdes peines infligées à des utilisateurs de Facebook pour des infractions à la morale religieuse.
Un événement extrêmement inquiétant est survenu le 28 mars. Ghazi Beji et Jabeur Mejri ont été condamnés à plus de sept ans de prison pour avoir affiché en ligne des écrits critiques de l’islam, qui incluaient des caricatures du Prophète Mahomet dénudé. Cela est survenu une quinzaine de jours à peine après que les autorités eurent annoncé que le 13 mars serait célébré comme la journée nationale de la liberté de l’internet.
Une série d’attaques auraient été perpétrées récemment par des individus dont certains ont été identifiés comme des salafistes, des musulmans sunnites conservateurs qui adoptent une interprétation littérale de l’Islam.
Parmi les personnes visées se trouvaient des artistes, des universitaires, des journalistes ainsi que des employés de médias et des institutions. L’attaque la plus récente ayant un mobile religieux est survenue le 22 mars, lorsqu’une troupe de théâtre en représentation avenue Habib-Bourguiba à Tunis a été agressée par des salafistes. La police serait intervenue beaucoup plus tard et, au lieu de protéger les acteurs et leur équipement contre l’attaque, les aurait déplacés au Théâtre Municipal voisin.
Au lieu de protéger la liberté d’expression, les autorités ont depuis interdit les manifestations sur l’avenue Habib-Bourguiba, principale artère de la ville, lieu symbolique de la résistance pendant la révolution. Le 28 mars, le Ministère de l’Intérieur a interdit « toute manifestation, marche et toute autre forme d’expression collective » sur cette avenue.
De plus, la police s’est violemment attaquée à des manifestations pacifiques qui se sont tenues dans différentes villes les 7, 8 et 9 avril pour protester contre le chômage et l’injustice sociale. Le 9 avril, la police a attaqué à coups de bâton et de gaz lacrymogènes environ un millier de manifestants qui protestaient avenue Habib-Bourguiba, défiant l’interdiction de manifester dans la principale artère de la capitale. Des journalistes auraient été tabassés lors d’une manifestation le 8 avril à Sfax, puis 14 journalistes auraient été tabassés à Tunis le 9 Avril.
Ce comportement s’inscrit dans un schéma d’abus de pouvoir par la police. En janvier 2012, deux femmes journalistes, Sana Farhat et Maha Ouelhezi, ont été agressées physiquement à Tunis par des policiers en civil tandis qu’elles couvraient, à l’extérieur de l’immeuble du Ministère de l’Éducation, une manifestation organisée par des professeurs d’université qui demandaient la liberté de l’enseignement. Des journalistes ont aussi été attaqués violemment par la police le 28 février tandis qu’ils couvraient une manifestation syndicale de protestation à Tunis.
Par ailleurs, Nabil Karoui, directeur de la chaîne privée Nessma TV, doit répondre à des accusations de blasphème et d’avoir troublé l’ordre public pour avoir diffusé en octobre 2011 le film d’animation Persépolis. Le procès a été reporté un certain nombre de fois et il est maintenant prévu pour le 19 avril 2012.
La présentation de « Persépolis » en octobre a provoqué des protestations à Tunis parce que le film comporte une scène où l’on voit Dieu, ce que proscrit l’Islam. Une semaine plus tard, une foule a attaqué le domicile de Karoui à Tunis et l’a endommagé à force de cocktails Molotov.
Il y a peu de protection pour ceux qui se font attaquer, y compris lors d’un sit-in en novembre et décembre à l’Université Manouba (pour protester contre l’interdiction faite aux étudiantes portant le niqab de passer leurs examens), un sit-in qui a dégénéré dans la violence. Non seulement les forces de sécurité ont-elles omis d’intervenir pour empêcher des manifestants de recourir à la violence et perturber les classes, mais elles n’ont arrêté aucun des auteurs de cette violence dans les universités. La professeure Fatma Jegham a été attaquée en toute impunité l’an dernier par des salafistes à l’Université des Beaux-Arts de Tunis parce qu’elle enseignait une matière jugée « offensante pour Dieu ».
La religion n’est pas le prétexte de toutes les violations récentes du droit à la libre expression. Le 24 mars, Lotffi Hajji, journaliste renommé et correspondant d’Al-Jazeera, a été agressé physiquement et verbalement pendant qu’il assurait la couverture d’un meeting organisé par des partisans de l’ancien premier ministre par intérim Caid Essebsi.
Alors que tous les citoyens ont le droit de protester contre des propos ou des actes qu’ils estiment offensants, le TMG de l’IFEX et ses partenaires locaux en Tunisie font campagne afin de sensibiliser la population au fait que l’obstruction ou l’entrave au droit des citoyens d’exprimer leur opinion constitue une violation de la libre expression, droit intrinsèque et pierre angulaire de toute démocratie, qui doit être inscrit dans la Constitution.
Alors que Said Ferjani, l’un des dirigeants de Ennahda, le parti politique au pouvoir, a affirmé que son parti entend protéger le choix de porter « le bikini ou la burqa », il faut faire davantage pour protéger l’ensemble des citoyens contre les gestes d’intolérance de certains individus et de certains groupes.
« Nous demandons au gouvernement de traduire ses paroles en actes par l’adoption de mesures pratiques comme la formation des forces de l’ordre à communiquer avec les manifestants, à travailler avec les médias et à intervenir activement pour protéger le droit à la libre expression afin que les citoyens puissent jouir de ce droit fondamental sans crainte de représailles », a déclaré Virginie Jouan, Présidente du TMG de l’IFEX.
تونس
مصدر: آيفكس مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس
10 أبريل 2012
مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس تبدي قلقها حول الهجمات المستمرة التي تستهدف المتظاهرين والإعلاميين والفنانين والأكاديميين
(آيفكس – مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس) – أعلنت مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس، و هي ائتلاف من 21 عضوا من أعضاء آيفكس، عن قلقها حول الهجمات المستمرة على الصحافيين والفنانين والنساء بتهمة “حرية التعبير” عن رأيهم وإزاء تقاعس قوات الأمن التونسية خلال العام الماضي. وتدين مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس استخدام القوة من قبل الشرطة أو الأطراف الأخرى ضد الصحفيين الذين يغطون المظاهرات أو الأحداث بالإضافة الى الحكم القاسي على مستخدمي الفايسبوك بتهمة الإساءة للأخلاق الدينية.
ففي تطور خطير، حكم على غازي الباجي وجابر ماجري، في 28 آذار\ مارس، بالسجن لأكثر من سبع سنوات بسبب نشر كتابات على الانترنت تنتقد الإسلام والتي تضمنت رسوما كاريكاتورية عارية ومسيئة للنبي محمد. ويأتي هذا فقط بعد أسبوعين من إعلان السلطات 13 آذار\ مارس يوما وطنيا لحرية الانترنت.
ويزعم أن بعض “السلفيين” أو مجموعة من المحافظين المسلمين السنة، الذين ينتهجون الفقه الإسلامي “بحرَفيته” قد استهدفوا فنانين وأكاديميين وصحفيين فضلا عن موظفي وسائل الاعلام. ويعتبر الهجوم الأخير والذي وقع في 22 مارس، مبنياً على أسس ودوافع دينية. حيث هاجم “السلفيون” مجموعة من المسرحيين خلال أداءهم في جادة الحبيب بورقيبة في تونس. وقيل أن الشرطة تدخلت في وقت لاحق. وبدلا من حماية المسرحيين ومعداتهم، نقلتهم الشرطة الى المسرح البلدي.
فعوضا عن حماية حق حرية التعبير، منعت السلطات منذ ذلك الحين المظاهرات في جادة الحبيب بورقيبة، الشارع الرئيسي للمدينة، والذي شهد ﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ ورمزية اثناء الثورة. وفي 28 آذار\ مارس، منعت وزارة الداخلية “جميع المظاهرات والمسيرات وأي شكل آخر من أشكال التعبير الجماعي” على الجادة.
وعلاوة على ذلك، هاجمت الشرطة بعنف مظاهرات سلمية في مدن مختلفة في 7 و 8 و 9 نيسان/أبريل إلى احتجاج البطالة والظلم الاجتماعي. وقامت الشرطة بضرب المتظاهرين بالهراوات والغاز المسيل للدموع وأطلقت النار عليهم خلال مظاهرة احتجاج في 9 نيسان/أبريل على شارع الحبيب بورقيبة وقدرت المظاهرة بحوالي ألف شخص، في تحد للحظر المفروض على الاحتجاجات على الشارع الرئيسي في العاصمة. ويقال أنه تم ضرب صحفيين خلال مظاهرة في صفاقس يوم 8 نيسان/أبريل وتلى ذلك ضرب 14 صحفي وصحفية يوم 9 نيسان\ أبريل في العاصمة تونس.
وهذا يتبع نمط من سوء معاملة الشرطة، ففي كانون الثاني \ يناير عام 2012، تم الاعتداء على الصحفيتين، سناء فرحات ومها أولهزي، من قبل الشرطة في لباس مدني في تونس، بينما كانتا تغطيان مظاهرة نظمها أساتذة الجامعات تطالب بالحرية الأكاديمية خارج وزارة التربية والتعليم. وهاجمت الشرطة صحافيين بعنف من قبل بينما كانوا يقومون بتغطية احتجاج نقابة الصحافيين في تونس في 28 فبراير من العام ذاته.
في هذه الأثناء، يواجه نبيل القروي، مدير تلفزيون نسمة الخاصة، اتهامات بالتجديف والإخلال بالنظام العام لعرض القناة فيلم “برسيبوليس” في تشرين الأول\ اكتوبر 2011. وقد تم تأجيل المحاكمة عدة مرات، ومن المتوقع أن تعقد في 19 نيسان\ أبريل 2012.
وأدى بث “برسيبوليس” في اكتوبر الماضي الى احتجاجات في تونس لأنه يحتوي على مشهد يصور الله، الأمر الذي يحرمه الإسلام. وبعد أسبوع من العرض، قامت مجموعة بإلقاء “قنابل المولوتوف” على منزل قروي في تونس.
لا يوجد ما يكفي من الحماية للذين يتعرضون للهجوم، فعلى سبيل المثال حصل خلال الاعتصام الذي شهدته “جامعة منوبة” إحتجاجاً على حظر الطالبات المنقبات من الانتظام في دراستهن. ولم تكتف قوات الأمن بالفشل في التدخل لمنع العنف الذي تلى ذلك وتعطل المحاضرات؛ بل وأيضاً لم تسجل أية اعتقالات. وهاجم السلفيون العام الماضي، البروفيسورة فاطمة جغام، في جامعة الفنون الجميلة في تونس لاعتبارها أنها تدرس مادة تعتبر “مسيئة إلى الله”، إلا أنهم تمكنوا من الإفلات من العقاب.
و لكن الإنتهاكات الأخيرة ليست كلها متعلقة بأسس دينية. ففي 24 مارس، تعرض الصحافي المشهور ومراسل الجزيرة، لطفي حجي، الى هجوم عنيف اثناء تغطيته للقاء نظمه أنصار رئيس الوزراء المؤقت السابق الباجي قائد السبسي.
وفي حين أن جميع المواطنين لديهم الحق في الاحتجاج على خطاب أو فعل يرونه مستفزاً أو هجومي، تقوم مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس وشركائها في تونس بتنظيم حملات لزيادة الوعي حول أهمية عدم تدخل المواطنين في حقوق الاخرين في التعبيرعن وجهات نظرهم والذي يعتبر انتهاك لحرية التعبير. و حق حرية التعبير حق جوهري وحجر البناء الأساسي لأي نظام ديمقراطي، و يجب أن يكون منصوصاً عليه في الدستور.
وقال سعيد فرجاني، القيادي في حزب النهضة السياسي الحاكم، أنهم يهدفون إلى حماية خيار ارتداء “البرقع والبكيني “، إلا أنه ، هناك حاجة إلى المزيد من الجهود لحماية جميع المواطنين من تعصب أفراد أوجماعات.
و قالت فيرجيني جوان، رئيسة مجموعة مراقبة حالة حرية التعبير في تونس، ” إننا ندعو الحكومة إلى تنفيذ وعودها من خلال اتخاذ خطوات عملية، مثل تدريب قوات الأمن التابعة لها على التفاعل الإيجابي مع المتظاهرين، وتوعيتهم حول كيفية العمل مع وسائل الإعلام، وعلى المبادرة في حماية حق حرية التعبير حتى يمكن المواطنين بالتمتع بهذا الحق الأساسي من دون الخوف من العقاب.”
